| TABLE 4 : PATCH SOLUTIONS | ||||||||||
| SOLUTION | SPECIES GROUP | REGION | APPROACH TYPE | TIMING OF SOLUTION | IMPACT REDUCTION BENEFITS | COST RANGE | DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS | SOURCE(S) | ||
| SHIFT ALIGNMENT | All | All | Avoidance, Minimization | Project Planning, Design | N/A | Constraints analysis required to assess alternate alignment impacts | ||||
| ROW LANDSCAPING TO ENHANCE HABITAT CORE/HABITAT ISLAND WIDTH | Examples: | Butterflies | IA | Compensation | Restore roadsides to native prairie vegetation & restrict use of herbicides/mowing | Ries, L., D.M. Debinski, and M.L. Wieland. 2001. Conservation Value of Roadside Prairie Restoration to Butterfly Communities.Conservation Biology 15(2): 401-411. | http://www.clfs.umd.edu/biology/faganlab/pdf/RiesEtAl2001.pdf | |||
| REDUCE ROAD CORRIDOR WIDTH TO MINIMIZE IMPACT | All | All | Avoidance, Minimization | Project Planning, Design | Minimize patch disturbance; potential to maintain functions | N/A | Constraints analysis required to assess alternate alignment impacts | |||
| HABITAT PATCH EXPANSION (RESTORATION, REHABILITATION, ENHANCEMENT) | Examples: | Herptiles | Ontario | Compensation | Project Planning | $330,000 (wetland construction costs) (Total project $10 million) | Gartshore, R. G., M. Purchase, R.I. Rook,and L. Scott. Bayview Avenue Extension, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada Habitat Creation and Wildlife Crossings in a Contenious Environmental Setting: A Case Study (September 2005). Pages 55-76 IN Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2006. | http://www.icoet.net/ICOET_2005/proceedings/2005ICOETProceedingWeb.pdf | ||
| Amphibians | Compensation | n/a | Petranka, J.W., E.M. Harp, C.T. Holbrook, and J.A. Hamel. 2007. Long-term persistence of amphibian populations in a restored wetland complex. Biological Conservation 138: 371-380 | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V5X-4P127CC-2&_user=10&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2007&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1642866832&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=579ca5b1aa4d7bb62ace16a57af79c0d&searchtype=a | ||||||
| Herps | CA | Compensation | n/a | De Weese, J.M. 1998. Vernal Pool Construction Monitoring Methods and Habitat Replacement Evaluation. Pages 217-223 in: C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Belk, W.R. Ferren Jr., and R. Ornduff (Editors). Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems – Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA. | http://vernalpools.org/proceedings/deweese.pdf | |||||
| Fender's blue butterfly | OR | Compensation | n/a | McIntire, E.J.B, C.B. Schultz, and E.E. Crone. 2007. Designing a Network for Butterfly Habitat Restoration: Where Individuals, Populations, and Landscapes Interact. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 725-736. | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01326.x/pdf | |||||
| Fender's blue butterfly | OR | Compensation | n/a | Schultz, C.B. 2001. Restoring resources for an endangered butterfly. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 1007-1019 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00659.x/pdf | |||||
| Bats | ALL | Compensation/ Minimization | Project Planning | Retrofit bridges to provide roosting habitat | Keeley, B.W. and M.D. Tuttle. 1999. Bats in American bridges. Pages 174-179 IN Evink, G.L., et al eds. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation. | http://www.icoet.net/downloads/99paper21.pdf | ||||
| Multi-species | CA | Compensation | n/a | Queheillalt, D.M. and M.L. Morrison. 2006. Vertebrate use of a restored riparian site: a case study on the central coast of California. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(3): 859-866 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2193/0022-541X(2006)70%5B859:VUOARR%5D2.0.CO;2/abstract | |||||
| HABITAT PRESERVATION/CONSERVATION EASEMENTS | Examples: | Herps | CA | Compensation | Mead, D.L. Determination of Available Credits and Service Areas for ESA Vernal Pool Preservation Banks. Pages 274-282 in: C.W. Witham, E.T. Bauder, D. Belk, W.R. Ferren, Jr. and R. Ornduff (Eds). Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems - Proceedings from a 1996 Conference. California Native Plant Society, Sacramento, CA. 1998. | http://www.vernalpools.org/proceedings/mead.pdf | ||||
| CONSERVATION BANK/WETLAND BANK CREDIT PURCHANSE | Examples: | Multi-species | ALL | Compensation | http://www.fws.gov/endangered/esa-library/pdf/ImperiledWildlifeFinalDec2005.pdf | |||||
| http://www.loafercreek.com/ | ||||||||||
| http://www.fws.gov/endangered/landowners/conservation-banking.html | ||||||||||
| Multi-species | CA | Compensation | Preserve large tracts of habitat elswhere | DiGregoria, J., E. Luciani, and S. Wynn. Integrating Transportation Conservation with Regional Conservation Planning. In Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2006. | http://www.icoet.net/ICOET_2005/proceedings/06IPCh5-101-110.pdf | |||||
| IN-LIEU FEE PROGRAM | Examples: | Multi-species | NY | Compensation | Spierto, T.J., S.A. Lazazzero, and P.L. Nelson. 2003. Strawberry Island Phase III Erosion Control and Wetland Habitat Restoration: a case study in the successful application of in-lieu fee mitigation. Pages 129-139 In 2003 Proceedings of the International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2003. |
http://escholarship.ucop.edu/uc/item/99w4k3r2;jsessionid=CA3ED2D3F5361BCC4B6A2F78C53B7426 | ||||
| Multi-species | NH | Compensation | Pre or Post Construction | Preservation of habitat cores, corridors, some wetland enhancement and restoration. | In 2010, 15.91 acres of impact offset with $2,012,688 in contributions. Avg. $126,505 per acre. | Program goals include preservation of large, unfragmented tracts of habitat and protection of linkages between aqautic resources. Fees fund projects on a watershed basis. | 2010 REPORT OF THE ACTIVITY OF THE NEW HAMPSHIRE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES AQUATIC RESOURCE MITIGATION FUND PROGRAM |
http://www.nae.usace.army.mil/regulatory/mitigation/nh.htm | ||
| ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM | Multi-species | CA | Compensation | Preservation of habitat cores, corridors, wetland enhancement and restoration. | 1/2 cent sales tax to fund transportation projs - including EMP - purchasing land for mitigation ahead of time. | Fairbanks, J. Transnet's Environmental Mitigation Program. Page 126 IN Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, edited by C. Leroy Irwin, Paul Garrett, and K.P. McDermott. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, 2006. | http://www.icoet.net/ICOET_2005/proceedings/2005ICOETProceedingWeb.pdf | |||